Welcome to the Homepage of
Dr. Pradip K. Bhowmik

Associate Professor of
Organic and Polymer Chemistry

Department of Chemistry
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
4505 Maryland Parkway
Box 454003
Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003
Telephone: (702) 895-0885
Fax: (702) 895-4072
Email: pradip.bhowmik@unlv.edu

Education:
Ph.D., Organic/Polymer Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1990.
M.S., Physical/Organic Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, 1987.
M.S., Physical/Inorganic Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1977.
B.Sc. (Honors), University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1975.
 
Major Teaching Responsibilities: 
Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, and Materials Chemistry. 

Teaching Awards:
UNLV Foundation Distinguished Teacher Award 2004: University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV).
Distinguished Teacher Award 2003: College of Sciences, UNLV.
Professor of the Year 2003: Association of Pre-Health Professionals (APHP), UNLV.
Professor of the Year 2001: Association of Pre-Health Professionals (APHP), UNLV. 

Research Interests:
Dr. Bhowmik has interests centering on organic synthesis and polymer synthesis in general.

Liquid-Crystalline Polymers. His principal research projects are in the broad field of liquid-crystalline polymers that typically include thermotropic liquid-crystalline polyesters, thermotropic and lyotropic liquid-crystalline ionic polymers (viologen polymers); thermotropic liquid-crystalline hydrogen bonded materials via supramolecular chemistry, and liquid-crystalline dendritic macromolecules and polyrotaxanes.

Light-Emitting Polymers. Recently, he is actively involved in the design and synthesis of poly(arylated-pyridinium salts) with organic counterions that exhibit both lyotropic liquid-crystalline and light-emitting properties. These polymers are targeted for the development of blue-light emitting polymers with the structural variations of both arylated-pyridinium moieties and organic counterions. They are of significant interest for combining light emitting properties with the self-organization of liquid-crystalline properties to produce linearly polarized electroluminescence. Since they are cationic polyelectrolytes, they can be useful partners for the build up of multilayer assemblies with anionic polyelectrolytes by the well-known sequential deposition technique to create a novel class of materials having specific functional properties-smart materials. All of these projects are the integral components for the development of materials science and engineering program.

Green Chemistry. In another project, he is developing room-temperature liquid-crystalline ionic salts that have great potential as organized reaction media for clean organic synthesis. It is targeted to develop green chemistry to strengthen the environmental chemistry program. Microwave chemistry both in organic synthesis as well as polymer synthesis is also an integral component for the development of green chemistry program.

Refereed Publications:

1. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, A. K. Nedeltchev, H. D. Mandal, J. A. Jimenez-Hernandez, P. M. McGannon, L. Lopez, S.-W. Kang, and S. Kumar. Synthesis and characterization of thermotropic liquid-crystalline properties of azomethine dimers. Liq. Cryst. 2009, 36, in press.

2. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, A. K. Nedeltchev, H. D. Mandal, J. A. Jimenez-Hernandez, and Patrick M. McGannon. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from an aromatic diamine containing oxyethylene unit exhibiting amphotropic liquid- crystalline and photoluminescence properties. Polymer 2009, 50, 3128-3135.

3. M. A. Cheney, R. Jose, A. Banerjee, P. K. Bhowmik, S. Qian, and J. M. Okoh. Synthesis and Characterization of Birenessite and Cryptomelane Nanostructures in Presence of Hoffmeister Anions. Journal of Nanomaterials 2009, Volume 2009 Article ID 940462, 8 pages.

4. P. K. Bhowmik, M. A. Cheney, R. Jose, H. Han, A. Banerjee, L. Ma, and L. D. Hansen. Isothermal titration calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy of a main-chain viologen polymer containing bromide as counterions. Polymer 2009, 50, 2393-2401.

5. P. K. Bhowmik, A. K. Nedeltchev, and H. Han. Synthesis, Thermal and Light-Emitting Properties of Anthracene Derivatives. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 2009, 501, 125-137.

6. M. A. Cheney, P. K. Bhowmik, S. Qian, S. W. Joo, W. Hou, and J. M. Okoh. A new Method of Synthesizing Black Birenessite Nanoparticles: From Brown to Black Birenessite with Nanostructures. Journal of Nanomaterials 2008, Volume 2008 Article ID 763706, 8 pages.

7. M. M. Alam, M. Mushfiq, H. Han, P. K. Bhowmik, and K. Goswami. Design and Synthesis of n-Type Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Material Incorporating CDSe Quantum Dots Nanocrystal Core and Diphenylquinoline Peripheral Group. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 7790-7793.

8. L. Ma, T. Hartmann, M. A. Cheney, N. R. Birkner, and P. K. Bhowmik. Characterization of an Inorganic Cryptomelane Nanomaterial Synthesized by a Novel Process Using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Electron Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008, 14, 328-334.

9. P. K. Bhowmik, A. K. Nedeltchev, and H. Han Synthesis, thermal and lyotropic liquid- crystalline properties of protic ionic salts. Liquid Crystals 2008, 35, 757-764.

10. M. A. Cheney, P. K. Bhowmik, S. Moriuchi, M. Villalobos, S. Qian, and S. W. Joo. The effect of stirring on the morphology of birnessite nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials 2008, Volume 2008 Article ID 168716, 9 pages.

11. P. K. Bhowmik, S. Kamatam, H. Han, and Alexi K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with oxyalkylene units exhibiting amphotropic liquid-crystalline and photoluminescence properties. Polymer 2008, 49, 1748-1760.

12. M. A. Cheney, P. K. Bhowmik, S. Moriuchi, N. C. Birkner, V. F. Hodge, and S. E. Elkouz. Synthesis and characterization of two phases of manganese oxide from decomposition of permanganate in concentrated sulfuric acid at ambient temperature. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 2007, 307, 62-70.

13. P. K. Bhowmik, A. K. Nedeltchev, and H. Han. Synthesis, optical, and thermal properties of conjugated, bispyridyl and tetrapyridyl compounds by Knoevenagel reaction. Tetrahedron. Letters 2007, 48, 5383-5387.

14. P. K. Bhowmik, X. Wang, and H. Han. Main chain, thermotropic, liquid crystalline, hydrogen-bonded of 4,4'-bipyridyl with 4,4'-dicarboxy-α,ω-diphenoxyalkanes. Liq. Cryst. 2007, 34, 841-854.

15. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and A. K. Nedeltchev Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with anthracene moieties exhibiting both lyotropic liquid- crystalline and UV light-emitting properties. Polymer 2006, 47, 8281-8288.

16. A. Biswas, R. L. Shogren, D. G. Stevenson, J. L. Willett, and P. K. Bhowmik. Ionic liquids as solvents for biopolymers: Acylation of starch and zein protein. Carbohydrate Polymers 2006, 66, 546-550.

17. M. A. Cheney, N. R. Birkner, L. Ma, T. Hartmann, P. K. Bhowmik, V. F. Hodge, and S. M. Steinberg. Synthesis and characterization of inorganic double helices of cryptomelane nanomaterials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 2006, 289, 185-192.

18. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, I. K. Nedeltchev, J. J. Cebe, S.-W. Kang, and S. Kumar. Synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids: viologen bis{tetrakis[3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate} salts. Liquid Crystals 2006, 33, 891-906.

19. H. Han, P. R. Vantine, A. K. Nedeltchev, and P. K. Bhowmik. Main-Chain Ionene Polymers Based on trans-1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene Exhibiting Both Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2006, 44, 1541-1554.

20. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and A. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2006, 44, 1028-1041.

21. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, I. K. Nedeltchev, and J. J. Cebe. Room-Temperature Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals: Viologen Bis(triflimide) Salts. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 2004, 419, 27-46.

22. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, I. K. Nedeltchev, S.-W. Kang, and S. Kumar. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 2688-2694.

23. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, R. A. Burchett, B. Acharya, and S. Kumar. Ambient-temperature thermotropic liquid-crystalline viologen bis(triflimide) salts. Liquid Crystals 2003, 30, 1433-1440.

24. P. K. Bhowmik, X. Wang, and H. Han. Main-Chain, Thermotropic, Liquid- Crystalline Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2003, 41, 1282-1295.

25. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Main-Chain Viologen Polymers with Triflimide Counterion Exhibiting Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties in Polar Organic Solvents. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2002, 40, 2015-2024.

26. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, R. A. Burchett, and A. M. Sarker. Main-Chain Viologen Polymers with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Thermotropic Liquid- Crystalline and Fluorescent Properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2002, 40, 659-674.

27. P. K. Bhowmik, R. A. Burchett, H. Han, and J. J. Cebe. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterion exhibiting both lyotropic liquid-crystalline and light-emitting properties. Polymer 2002, 43, 1953- 1958.

28. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and R. A. Burchett. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 4,4'-Biphenol and Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols with 4,4'-Bisbenzoic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2002, 40, 141-155.

29. P. K. Bhowmik, R. A. Burchett, H. Han, and J. J. Cebe. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterion Exhibiting both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 7579-7581.

30. P. K. Bhowmik, R. A. Burchett, H. Han, and J. J. Cebe. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterion Exhibiting both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 2710-2715.

31. P. K. Bhowmik, A. H. Molla, H. Han, M. E. Gangoda, and R. N. Bose. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers: Homopolymer of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylate of Trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol and its Copolymers with the Ditosylate of 1,8-Octanediol. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 621-630.

32. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Wholly Aromatic Liquid-Crystalline Polyesters. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1997, 22, 1431-1502.

33. H. Han, P. K. Bhowmik, and K. C. Frisch. Wholly Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 3,3'-Bis(Phenyl)-4,4'-Biphenol with 4,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1997, 35, 769-785.

34. P. K. Bhowmik, E. D. T. Atkins, R. W. Lenz, and H. Han. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols. 5. Copolymers with 4,4'- Oxybis(benzoic Acid). Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3778-3786.

35. P. K. Bhowmik, E. D. T. Atkins, R. W. Lenz, and H. Han. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols and 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'- Diol. 3. Copolymers with 6-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1910-1917.

36. P. K. Bhowmik, S. Akhter, and H. Han. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1995, 33, 1927-1933.

37. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1995, 33, 1745-1749.

38. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Ionene Polymers. Trends Polym. Sci. 1995, 3, 199-206.

39. H. Xue, S. Xu, P. K. Bhowmik, and S. Schlick. Effect of Oxygen and Zn²⁺ on the Thermal Transitions and Cu²⁺ Complexation in Amine-Terminated Telechelic Polybutadiene: DSC and ESR Studies. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 3351-3359.

40. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 3-Phenyl-4,4'-Biphenol with 4,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1995, 33, 415-426.

41. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Wholly Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 4,4'-Biphenol, Substituted Biphenols, and 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol with 3,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1995, 33, 211-225.

42. P. K. Bhowmik, W. Xu, and H. Han. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers: Homopolymer of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with Ditosylate of Trans-1,4- Cyclohexanedimethanol and its Copolymers with Ditosylate of 1,8-Octanediol. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1994, 32, 3205-3209.

43. P. K. Bhowmik, G. Beaucage, S. K. Bhattacharya, and R. W. Lenz. Crystallinity of Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Polyesters of 3,3'-Bis(Phenyl)-4,4'-Biphenol and 1,1'- Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 1994, 32, 1023-1031.

44. P. K. Bhowmik and R. W. Lenz. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Homopolyesters and Copolyesters of 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1994, 32, 651-659.

45. H. Han, P. K. Bhowmik, and R. W. Lenz Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 3,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1994, 32, 343-354.

46. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and R. O. Garay. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Homopolyesters of 3,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1994, 32, 333-342.

47. U. Dutta, P. K. Bhowmik, and A. Memon. An Overview of Tire Based Asphalt Pavement (TBAP) Mix Technology. J. Environmental Engineering and Management Fall 1993, 25-29.

48. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl- Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols and 1,1-Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol with either 2- Bromoterephthalic Acid or 2-Phenylterephthalic Acid. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5287-5294.

49. H. Xue, P. K. Bhowmik, and S. Schlick. Direct Detection of Ionic Clustering in Telechelic Ionomers by DSC and ESR. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 3340-3343.

50. P. K. Bhowmik and R. W. Lenz, “Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols. 4. Homopolyesters with Terephthalic Acid and Copolyesters with Terephthalic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 2115-2122.

51. R. O. Garay, P. K. Bhowmik, and R. W. Lenz. Thermotropic Polyesters of a Series of Aromatic Diols with Phenylterephthalic Acid and 4,4'-Oxybisbenzoic Acid. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 1001-1006.

52. P. K. Bhowmik, E. D. T. Atkins, and R. W. Lenz. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Properties of Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenol. 2. Polymers with 4- Hydroxybenzoic Acid. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 447-451.

53. P. K. Bhowmik, E. D. T. Atkins, and R. W. Lenz. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Properties of Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenol. 1. Polymers from Terephthalic Acid and 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 440-446.

54. R. W. Lenz, A. Furukawa, P. K. Bhowmik, R. O. Garay, and J. Majnusz. Synthesis and characterization of extended rod thermotropic polyesters with polyoxyethylene pendant substituents. Polymer 1991, 32, 1703-1712.

55. P. K. Bhowmik, R. O. Garay, and R. W. Lenz. Thermotropic polyesters with flexible spacers in the main chain and oligo(oxyethylene) substituents. Makromol. Chem. 1991, 192, 415-425.

56. P. K. Bhowmik and T. C. K. Su. Parametrization of the Trajectory Calculations on Ion-Quadrupolar Molecule Collision Rate Constants. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 6444- 6445.

57. H. C. Bei, P. K. Bhowmik, and T. C. K. Su. Trajectory Calculations of High Temperature and Kinetic Energy Dependent Ion-Polar Molecule Collision Rate Constants. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 90, 7046-7049.

58. D. W. Boerth and P. K. Bhowmik. Purine Nucleotide Cations. 2. Energetics and Conformational Effects on Protonation-Deprotonations of Purine Nucleoside. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 3327-3334.

59. D. W. Boerth and P. K. Bhowmik. Protonation-Deprotonation of Purines and Purine Nucleosides. J. Mol. Struc. (Theochem.) 1989, 183, 381-392.

60. P. K. Bhowmik and T. C. K. Su. Trajectory Calculations of Ion-Quadrupolar Molecule Collision Rate Constants. J. Chem. Phys. 1986, 84, 1432-1434.

Book Chapters or Parts of Books

1. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and R. A. Basheer. Liquid Crystalline Polymers (Viologen: Thermotropic and Lyotropic). In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC: Boca Raton, 1996; Vol. 5, 3741-3748.

2. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Liquid Crystalline Polymers (Wholly Aromatic Polyesters). In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC: Boca Raton, 1996; Vol. 5, 3748-3753.

Articles in Conference Proceedings

1. H. D. Mandal, P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, and A. K. Nedeltchev. Poly(pyridinium salt)s Derived from α,ω-Diaminoalkanes: Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Photoluminescence Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2009, 50(1), 250-251.

2. H. D. Mandal, P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, A. K. Nedeltchev, J. A. Jimenez-Hernandez, and P. M. McGannon. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Derived from Aromatic Diamine Containing Tetraethyleneoxy Unit Exhibiting Thermotropic Liquid- Crystalline and Photoluminescence Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2009, 50(1), 252-253.

3. P. K. Bhowmik, M. A. Cheney, H. Han, and L. Ma. Isothermal Titration Calorimetric and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Main-Chain Viologen Polymer Containing Bromide as Counterions. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2006, 47(2), 334-335.

4. A. Biswas, R. L. Shogren, David. G. Stevenson, J. L. Willett, and P. K. Bhowmik. Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Biopolymers: Acylation of Starch and Zein Protein. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(2), 924-925.

5. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, A. K. Nedeltchev, and Z. Wang. Synthesis and Characterization Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(1), 799-800.

6. A. K. Nedeltchev, H. Han, and P. K. Bhowmik. Synthesis and Characterization of Anthracene Polymer with Lawesson’s Reagent. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(1), 791-792.

7. P. R. Vantine, H. Han, A. K. Nedeltchev, and P. K. Bhowmik. Main-Chain Viologen Polymers with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(1), 680-681.

8. H. Han, P. R. Vantine, A. K. Nedeltchev, and P. K. Bhowmik. Main-Chain Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Ionene Polymers Based on Trans-1,2-bis(4- pyridyl)ethylene. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(1), 678-679.

9. P. K. Bhowmik, P. R. Vantine, A. K. Nedeltchev, and H. Han. Main-Chain Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Ionene Polymers Based on 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2005, 46(1), 676-677.

10. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Light-Emitting Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2003, 44(2), 847-848.

11. P. K. Bhowmik, W. Xu, J. J. Cebe, and H. Han. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers: Homopolymer of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylate of 2,5-Hexanediol and its Copolymers with the Ditosylate of 1,10-Decanediol. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2003, 44(2), 687-688.

12. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic, Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polyesters. Polym. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2003, 44(2), 663-664.

13. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Ambient-Temperature Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Viologens. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2002, 43(2), 1385-1386.

14. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Main-Chain Viologen Polymers with Triflimide Counterion Exhibiting Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2002, 43(2), 1329-1330.

15. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polyester. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2002, 43(2), 1140-1141.

16. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Light-Emitting Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2002, 43(2), 987-988.

17. P. K. Bhowmik, H. Han, J. J. Cebe, and I. K. Nedeltchev. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Properties. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 2002, 43(2), 982-983.

18. H. Han, A. H. Molla, and P. K. Bhowmik. Hydrogen-Bonded Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers of Trans-1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene with Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 332-333.

19. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with Ditosylates of 1,7-Heptanediol, 1,8-Octanediol, and 1,9-Nonanediol. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 330-331.

20. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Lyotropic Liquid Crystallinity of Main-Chain Viologen Polymers in Poly(ethylene glycol). Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 328-329.

21. P. K. Bhowmik, E. D. T. Atkins, and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols and 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'- Diol: Copolymers with 6-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 326-327.

22. P. K. Bhowmik, X. Wang, H. Han, and A. M. Sarker. Hydrogen-Bonded Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with α,ω-Bis(4- Carboxyphenoxy)alkanes. Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 324-325.

23. H. Han, S. Roychowdhury, and P. K. Bhowmik. Hydrogen-Bonded Main-Chain Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers of Trans-1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene with 4-Aminobenzoic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 126-127.

24. P. K. Bhowmik, X. Wang, and H. Han. Hydrogen-Bonded Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids. Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 1995, 36(2), 124-125.

25. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylates of 1,2-Ethanediol, 1,3-Propanediol and 1,4-Butanediol. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 856-857.

26. H. Han and P. K. Bhowmik. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers of 4,4'-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylate of 2,5-Hexanediol and its Copolymers with the Ditosylate of 1,10-Decanediol. Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 619-620.

27. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 617-618.

28. P. K. Bhowmik, P. Dubravko, S. Z. Mahdi, and H. Han. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes of Bis(6-hydroxyhexamethylene)-4,4'-Bibenzoate with Aliphatic Diisocyanates. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 615-616.

29. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol with 4,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 613-614.

30. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 3,3'-Bis(Phenyl)-4,4'-Biphenol with 4,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 611-612.

31. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of 3-Phenyl-4,4'-Biphenol with 4,4'-Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1994, 35(2), 609-610.

32. H. Xue, P. K. Bhowmik, and S. Schlick. Reversible Ionic Clustering in Telechelic Ionomers by DSC and ESR. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1993, 34(2), 546-547.

33. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl- Substituted 4,4'-Biphenols and 1,1'-Binaphthyl-4,4'-Diol with Substituted Terephthalic Acids. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1993, 34(2), 382-383.

34. P. K. Bhowmik and H. Han. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Homopolyesters of 3,4'- Benzophenone Dicarboxylic Acid. Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 1993, 34(2), 338-339.